The appearance of a blue/violet-blue coloration indicated the presence of triterpenoids

May 22, 2017

ansport Electron transport Electron transport chain Electron transport chain Electron transport chain Energy metabolism Lipid metabolism Glutathione conjugation Glycolysis Glycolysis Heme biosynthesis Lipid metabolism Cysteine conjugate-beta lyase; cytoplasmic ER degradation enhancer, mannosidase alpha-like 2 NADH dehydrogenase 1 beta subcomplex, 9, 22 kDa Isovaleryl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase NADH dehydrogenase Fe-S protein 6, 13 kDa NADH dehydrogenase 1 beta subcomplex, 11, 17.3 kda Ring finger 144b Glutaryl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex, 10, 42 kDa Protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit Glutathione S-transferase P Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphate Heme a:farnesyltransferase Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 10 CCBL1 EDEM2 DNDUFB9 IVD NDUFS6 NDUFB11 RNF144B GCDH NDUFA10 PRKAG1 GSTP1 GAPDH ALDOA COX10 HSD17B10 PPP2R3A JAK1 IDH3B SDHC 22.48 21.36 21.29 21.50 21.22 21.61 22.79 22.01 21.66 21.41 21.22 21.13 1.53 21.57 21.76 1.30 1.66 22.19 21.43 22.08 21.66 21.37 21.69 21.42 21.71 22.56 21.50 21.46 22.10 21.77 22.13 2.54 21.54 21.83 3.67 3.64 22.23 21.34 Protein AA dephosphorylation Protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B0, alpha Protein AA phosphorylation TCA cycle TCA cycle Janus kinase 1 Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 beta Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit C, integral membrane protein, 15 kDa Denotes statistically significant differences. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004481.t002 cell proliferation, and cell differentiation were decreased in geriatric dogs versus young adult dogs, whereas apoptosis and cell aging may be increased. The measurement of indicators for apoptosis or cell turnover were not performed AG-1478 herein to confirm the 25728001 mRNA data, but would be justified in future experiments. Concurrent with genes related to cell cycle in geriatric dogs, genes related to DNA transcription were also down-regulated. Although the function of POLE4 has not been completely elucidated, it is thought to play a role in DNA replication in the late S-phase of mitotic cells and is therefore associated with cell proliferation. ZNF32 has been implicated in human colon and adrenocortex cancers where its up-regulation was noted in signaturegene expression profiles for these malignancies. Implications for ZNF32 expression in skeletal muscle and its relation to age are currently unknown. SNRPN is involved in mRNA processing and its dysfunction in humans is related to Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, which typically impair intelligence, cognitive development, and display low muscle tone. SNRPN expression appears to be ubiquitous in mice, including skeletal muscle but specific information in canine muscle is lacking. Likewise, 23964788 NOLA2 has not been described in canine skeletal muscle but its involvement in rRNA processing and particularly its role in the telomerase complex have primed NOLA2 as an indicator gene in human lung cancer. A number of genes related to protein biosynthesis were expressed at lower levels in aged dogs compared to young adult Canine Muscle Gene Expression Functional classification Gene name Gene symbol Fold change APB PPB Transcription – translation DNA structure mRNA processing Protein biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis Protein biosynthesis Ribosome assembly Transcription regulation Signaling mechanisms Cellular trafficking Intracellular signaling cascade Neurotransmission Transport P